GOVERNMENT

What Happened in Parliament’s Winter Session 2025: Key Takeaways

The Winter Session of the Indian Parliament, held from December 1 to December 19, 2025, concluded this week with both Houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, adjourned sine die after a packed legislative agenda and spirited debates. Across 15 sittings in each house, lawmakers debated, deliberated, and passed several bills with far-reaching implications for India’s governance, economy, and social fabric. 

Legislative Activity and Major Bills Passed

One of the most significant outcomes of the session was the passage of eight key bills covering agriculture and rural employment, economic reforms, financial legislation, and sectoral development. 

At the forefront was the Viksit Bharat Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025, popularly known as the VB-G RAM G Bill. This legislation replaces the two-decade-old MGNREGA framework with a revised rural employment guarantee, offering 125 days of statutory work to eligible rural households and aligning with the government’s Viksit Bharat 2047 goals. 

Another cornerstone was the Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Bill, 2025, which opens up the previously state-controlled civil nuclear sector to private participation and foreign investment, a structural shift in India’s energy policy. 

The Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha (Amendment of Insurance Laws) Bill, 2025, also gained Parliamentary approval, raising the FDI cap in the insurance sector from 74% to 100% and aiming to attract global capital, deepen insurance penetration, and enhance consumer choice. 

Other bills passed included the Appropriation (No. 4) Bill, 2025, authorising additional government spending for the current fiscal cycle, and the Repealing and Amending Bill, 2025, which repeals outdated laws and amends several existing statutes to streamline legal frameworks. 

Taxation adjustments were addressed through the Central Excise (Amendment) Bill, 2025, and the Manipur Goods and Services Tax (Second Amendment) Bill, 2025, while the Health Security and National Security Cess Bill, 2025, sought to replace the compensation cess on pan masala with a broader cess aimed at funding health and security needs. 

Debates and Political Dynamics

The session saw intense political exchanges. The VB-G RAM G Bill, in particular, sparked opposition protests, with several parliamentarians objecting to the repeal of MGNREGA and the shift in funding arrangements. There were heated interventions in both Houses as lawmakers debated the future of rural employment schemes. 

Apart from legislative business, members also spotlighted social issues, national song Vande Mataram discussions, and challenges such as air pollution and infrastructure concerns, reflecting Parliament’s role as a platform for diverse public concerns. 

Session Takeaways

The 2025 Winter Session underscored the government’s push towards economic reforms, rural employment restructuring, and opening strategic sectors like nuclear energy. Increased insurance sector liberalisation and the repeal of obsolete laws additionally signal a legislative drive toward modernisation.

Yet, the session’s political temperature also highlighted the contentious nature of major reforms, with opposition parties raising questions about their socio-economic impacts. 

As Parliament adjourned, it left behind both substantive legislative change and an ongoing debate on India’s policy priorities in the years ahead.